This post is about the OCAJP exam objective “Develop code that uses wrapper classes such as Boolean, Double, and Integer“. In the exam, you will be mainly tested on Autoboxing and Unboxing concepts of Wrapper classes, Using wrapper classes with their corresponding primitive types.

This article tests your knowledge on how to use the wrapper class that is mostly asked for the OCAJP certification exams. It is important for you to understand the concepts and practice with a lot of practice questions to master every concept.

What is Wrapper Classes?

Also Read:

• OCAJP – Switch Statement Practice Questions
• OCAJP 8 Articles
• Certification Articles

Wrapper classes that used for wrapping the primitive types. The examples are Integer, Float, etc. These classes are introduced from Java 5 to simplify the use of primitive types as objects. Here are some of the points that are important to remember for the OCAJP certification exams:

• Generally, when we work with numbers we use primitive data types such as byte, int, long, double, etc.
• There are certain situations to use objects in place of primitives and the Java platform provides wrapper classes for each of the primitive data types.
• These classes “wrap” the primitive data type value in an object. Hence the name “Wrapper Classes”.
• All wrapper classes are immutable classes.

When to use Wrapper classes?

Here are some of the important points to remember when to use the wrapper classes.

1. When you are working collections to store numeric values. Because collection objects can’t store primitive values.
2. To use constants defined by the class, such as MIN_VALUE and MAX_VALUE, that provide the upper and lower bounds of the data type.
3. To convert String representation of primitive value into primitive data type.

• In Java, For every primitive data type, there is corresponding wrapper class.

• As shown in the above image, Number is the superclass for every numeric class such as Byte, Short, Integer, Long, Float, Double.
• The number contains four important abstract methods which are implemented by its subclasses.
• The below are the declarations of four abstract methods in Number class(abstract class) which are used to convert to a primitive value.

[code]
public abstract int intValue()
public abstract long longValue()
public abstract float floatValue()
public abstract double doubleValue()
[/code]

• You don’t need to learn all classes for the exam.
• Integer, Double, Boolean classes are on the exam.

In the following sections, I am going to write about most common wrapper classes and how to use them.

Integer

Here are some important points about the Integer class:

• Integer class is in java.lang package since Java 1.0 version.
• Number class is the superclass of Integer.
• It implements Comparable,Serializable interfaces.
• It is an immutable class.
• The Integer class wraps a value of the primitive type int in an object. An object of type Integer contains a single field whose type is int.
• In addition, this class provides several methods for converting an int to a String and a String to an int, as well as other constants and methods useful when dealing with an int.

Creating Integer Object

Integer class has two constructors.

• public Integer(int value)

It constructs a new Integer object that represents the specified int value.

• public Integer(String s)throws NumberFormatException

It constructs a new Integer object that represents the int value indicated by the String parameter. The string is converted to an int value in exactly the manner used by the parseInt method for radix 10.
It throws NumberFormatException if the String does not contain a parsable integer.

• You can also create Integer object without a constructor.

Example :

[code]
public class IntegerDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer n1 = new Integer("5");
Integer n2 = new Integer(2);
Integer n3 = 4;
// Integer n4 = new Integer("A"); this statement generates NumberFormatException.
System.out.println(n1 + " " + n2 + " " + n3);//prints 5 2 4

}

}
[/code]

• In the above program, you are storing primitive int value into Integer objects, it is called Boxing.

Important Integer methods

public static int parseInt(String s) throws NumberFormatException

• This method converts the String representation of primitive integer value into a primitive integer value.
• It throws NumberFormatException if the String does not contain a parsable integer.

Example :

[code]
ublic class IntegerDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int n1 = Integer.parseInt("8");
// int n2 = Integer.parseInt("OCA"); This generates NumberFormatException.

System.out.println(n1);//prints 8

}

}
[/code]

• public static String toHexString(int i): It returns a string representation of the integer argument as an unsigned integer in base 16.
• public static String toOctalString(int i): It returns a string representation of the integer argument as an unsigned integer in base 8.
• public static String toBinaryString(int i); It returns a string representation of the integer argument as an unsigned integer in base 2.

Example :

[code]
public class IntegerDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

String s1 = Integer.toHexString(8);
String s2 = Integer.toOctalString(8);
String s3 = Integer.toBinaryString(8);
System.out.println(s1 + " " + s2 + " " + s3); // prints 8 10 1000
}

}
[/code]

• public static Integer valueOf(int i): It returns an Integer instance representing the specified int value.
• public byte byteValue(): It returns the value of this Integer as a byte after a narrowing primitive conversion.
• public double doubleValue(): It returns the value of this Integer as a double after a widening primitive conversion.
• public float floatValue(): It returns the value of this Integer as a float after a widening primitive conversion.
• public int intValue(): It returns the value of this Integer as an int.
• public long longValue(): It returns the value of this Integer as a long after a widening primitive conversion.
  Example :

[code]
public class IntegerDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Integer in = Integer.valueOf(8);
byte b = in.byteValue();
int i = in.intValue();
long l = in.longValue();
float f = in.floatValue();
double d = in.doubleValue();
System.out.println(in+" "+b+" "+i+" "+l+" "+f+" "+d);//It prints 8 8 8 8 8.0 8.0

}

}
[/code]

Autoboxing and Unboxing

Boxing conversions are that converting from primitive types to wrapper and wrapper classes to primitive types. You don’t have to explicitly do the conversions. The boxing conversions happen implicitly. This is part of the Java 5.0 features.

[code]
List<Integer> li = new ArrayList<Integer>();
li.add(8);// line 1
li.add(new Integer(5));// line 2
int n = li.get(1);// line 3
[/code]

• At line1 you just typed 8 primitive value java will create Integer object and stores in the ArrayList object, this process is called Autoboxing.
• At line2 you are creating the object. No Autoboxing here.
• At line3 get method returns Integer object and that is converted into primitive int value when it is assigning to the int variable, this process is called Auto unboxing.

Double

Here are some important points about the Double class:

• The double class is in java.lang package since Java 1.0 version.
• Number class is the superclass of Double.
• It implements Comparable,Serializable interfaces.
• It is an immutable class.
• The Double class wraps a value of the primitive type double in an object. An object of type Double contains a single field whose type is double.
• In addition, this class provides several methods for converting a double to a String and a String to a double, as well as other constants and methods useful when dealing with a double.

Creating Double Object

The double class has two constructors.

• public Double(double value)

It constructs a new Double object that represents the specified double value.

• public Double(String s)throws NumberFormatException

It constructs a new Double object that represents the double value indicated by the String parameter. The string is converted to a double value in exactly the manner used by the parseInt method for radix 10.
It throws NumberFormatException if the String does not contain a parsable number.

• You can also create a Double object without a constructor.

Example :

[code]
public class DoubleDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Double n1 = new Double("5.0");
Double n2 = new Double(2.0);
Double n3 = 4.0;
// Double n4 = new Double("A"); this statement generates NumberFormatException.
System.out.println(n1 + " " + n2 + " " + n3);//prints 5.0 2.0 4.0

}

}
[/code]

• In the above program, you are storing the primitive double value into Double objects, it is called Boxing.

Important Double methods

parseDouble

public static double parseDouble(String s) throws NumberFormatException

• This method converts the String representation of number value into primitive double value.
• It throws NumberFormatException if the String does not contain a parsable number.

Example :

[code]
public class DoubleDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

double n1 = Double.parseDouble("8.0");
double n2 = Double.parseDouble("2");
// double n3 = Double.parseDouble("OCA"); This generates NumberFormatException.

System.out.println(n1+" "+n2);//prints 8.0 2.0

}

}
[/code]

• public static Double valueOf(double i): It returns a Double instance representing the specified double value.
• public byte byteValue(): It returns the value of this Double as a byte after a narrowing primitive conversion.
• public double doubleValue(): It returns the value of this Double as a double after a widening primitive conversion.
• public float floatValue(): It returns the value of this Double as a float after a widening primitive conversion.
• public int intValue(): It returns the value of this Double as an int.
• public long longValue(): It returns the value of this Double as a long after a widening primitive conversion.
  Example :

[code]
public class DoubleDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Double in = Double.valueOf(8);
byte b = in.byteValue();
int i = in.intValue();
long l = in.longValue();
float f = in.floatValue();
double d = in.doubleValue();
System.out.println(in+" "+b+" "+i+" "+l+" "+f+" "+d);//It prints 8.0 8 8 8 8.0 8.0

}

}
[/code]

Autoboxing and Unboxing

[code]
List<Double> li = new ArrayList<>();
li.add(8.0);// line 1
li.add(new Double(5));// line 2
double n = li.get(1);// line 3
[/code]

• At line1 you just typed 8 primitive value java will create Double object and stores in the ArrayList object, this process is called Autoboxing.
• At line2 you are creating the object. No Autoboxing here.
• At line3 get method returns Double object and that is converted into primitive double value when it is assigning to double variable, this process is called Auto unboxing.

Boolean

Here are some important points about the Boolean class:

• The Boolean class is in java.lang package since Java 1.0 version.
• An object class is the superclass of Boolean.
• It implements Comparable,Serializable interfaces.
• It is an immutable class.
• The Boolean class wraps a value of the primitive type boolean in an object. An object of type Boolean contains a single field whose type is boolean.
• In addition, this class provides several methods for converting a boolean to a String and a String to a boolean, as well as other constants and methods useful when dealing with a boolean.

Creating Boolean Object

A boolean class has two constructors.

• public Boolean(boolean value)

It creates a Boolean object representing the value argument.

• public Boolean(String s)

It creates a Boolean object representing the value true if the string argument is not null and is equal, ignoring case, to the string “true”. Otherwise, allocate a Boolean object representing the value false.

• You can create Boolean using predefined fields in the Boolean class.

Example :

[code]
public class DoubleDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Boolean b1 = new Boolean(true);
Boolean b2 = new Boolean("true");
Boolean b3 = new Boolean("false");
Boolean b4 = new Boolean("oca");
Boolean b5 = new Boolean("null");
Boolean b6 =Boolean.TRUE;
Boolean b7 = Boolean.FALSE;
System.out.println(b1+" "+b2+" "+b3+" "+b4+" "+b5+" "+b6+" "+b7);//prints true true false false false true false

}

}
[/code]

• public static boolean parseBoolean(String s): It Parses the string argument as a boolean. The boolean returned represents the value true if the string argument is not null and is equal, ignoring case, to the string “true”.
• public static Boolean valueOf(boolean b): It returns a Boolean instance representing the specified boolean value.
• public boolean booleanValue(): It returns the value of this Boolean object as a boolean primitive.

Example :

[code]
public class DoubleDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

boolean b1 = Boolean.parseBoolean("true");
boolean b2 = Boolean.parseBoolean("oca");
Boolean b3 = Boolean.valueOf(false);
boolean b4 = b3.booleanValue();
System.out.println(b1 + " " + b2 + " " + b3 + " " + b4);// It prints true false false false
}

}
[/code]

Conclusion

For OCAJP exam concentrate on Autoboxing and Auto unboxing, ParseXXX methods in three classes and possible ways to create the Boolean object. You have to remember the key concepts to answer all the questions related to the wrapper classes. Also, do a lot of practice questions to get more understanding of all the concepts.

Additional Resources

• OCAJP 8 – Official Site
• OCAJP Free Questions
• How to prepare for OCAJP Exam?

 

 

One of the new and noteworthy introduction in the Java 8 version is update of the Date Time API. Since the initial version of the Java packages, there is no standard API for calculating the date and time data. In the previous versions, there are two packages java.util and java.sql defines the date and time API with different features. Which makes cumbersome for the developers to understand when to use the suitable classes for manipulating date and time data. Java 8 introduces a new package java.time with lots of data time classes for the date manipulation. This would replace the legacy classes.

This tutorial is helpful for preparing the date and time classes as part of the OCAJP 8 certification exam. I have covered all the classes mentioned in the exam topics for date and time API. Objective for certification is “Create and manipulate calendar data using classes from java.time.LocalDateTime?, java.time.LocalDate?, java.time.LocalTime?, java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter?, java.time.Period”.

This tutorial explains the following APIs with simple examples.

1. java.time.LocalDate
2. java.time.LocalTime
3. java.time.LocalDateTime
4. java.time.Period
5. java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter

java.time.LocalDate

This is a immutable class with the default date format of yyyy-MM-dd. The functionality provided by this class is similar to the one that is provided by java.sql.Date API. java.util.Date provides method now() to get the current date. Note that this method has the overloaded verion to get the current date in the specific zone by passing the ZoneId as the argument to method now().

Let’s look at an example:

[code lang=”java”]
package javabeat.net;

import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.ZoneId;
/**
* LocalDate Examples
* @author krishna (www.javabeat.net)
*
*/
public class LocalDateExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
LocalDate localDateToday = LocalDate.now();
System.out.println("Today’s Date : "+localDateToday);
LocalDate localDateZone = LocalDate.now(ZoneId.of("America/Los_Angeles"));
System.out.println("Today’s Date at Zone America/Los_Angeles : "+localDateZone);
}
}
[/code]

Output for the above program:

[code]
Today’s Date : 2015-04-06
Today’s Date at Zone America/Los_Angeles : 2015-04-06
[/code]

java.time.LocalTime

java.time.LocalTime class is similar to LocalDate, it povides human readable time in the format of hh:mm:ss.zzz. This class also provides the ZoneId support for getting the time for the given ZoneId.

Let’s look at an example for LocalTime class.

[code lang=”java”]
package javabeat.net;

import java.time.LocalTime;
import java.time.ZoneId;

/**
* LocalTime Example
* @author krishna (www.javabeat.net)
*
*/
public class LocalTimeExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
LocalTime currentTime = LocalTime.now();
System.out.println("Current Time : " + currentTime);
LocalTime localTimeZone = LocalTime.now(ZoneId.of("America/Los_Angeles"));
System.out.println("Current Time at America/Los_Angeles : " + localTimeZone);
}
}
[/code]

Output for the above program:

[code]
Current Time : 20:47:00.725
Current Time at America/Los_Angeles : 08:17:00.729
[/code]

java.time.LocalDateTime

LocalDateTime is an immutable object that presents a date-time. The default format for the date-time value is yyyy-MM-dd-HH-mm-ss.zzz. LocalDateTime class provides a factory method that takes LocalDate and LocalTime arguments to create LocalDateTime instance.

Let’s look at a simple example.

[code lang=”java”]
package javabeat.net;

import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.LocalTime;
import java.time.ZoneId;

public class LocalDateTimeExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
LocalDateTime localDateTime = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println("Current Date Time : " + localDateTime);

LocalDateTime today = LocalDateTime.of(LocalDate.now(), LocalTime.now());
System.out.println("Current DateTime="+today);

LocalDateTime localDateTimeZone = LocalDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("America/Los_Angeles"));
System.out.println("Current Date Time at America/Los_Angeles : " + localDateTimeZone);
}
}
[/code]

Out for the above program:

[code]
Current Date Time : 2015-04-06T21:52:55.996
Current DateTime=2015-04-06T21:52:55.997
Current Date Time at America/Los_Angeles : 2015-04-06T09:22:56.004
[/code]

java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter

Before Java 8, the standard Java approach for formatting the dates was using DateFormat and SimpleDateFormat. With Java 8, the preferred date/time classes are not longer maintained in the java.util package and the new date/time handling classes are part of java.time package. In the same way, preferred date/time formatting classes are no longer in the java.text package and the new formatting classes are found in java.time.format package.

With Java 8, DateTimeFormatter class will be primarily used for formatting date/time data for Java application. This class also part of OCAJP 8 exam topics. The DateTimeFormatter class provides ofPattern methods to provide an instance of DateTimeFormatter based on the given date/time pattern as String.

Let’s look at a simple example.

[code lang=”java”]
package javabeat.net;

import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;

public class DateTimeFormatterExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
DateTimeFormatter dateTimeFormatter1 = DateTimeFormatter
.ofPattern("yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss z");
DateTimeFormatter dateTimeFormatter2 = DateTimeFormatter
.ofPattern("yyyy/MM/dd");
DateTimeFormatter dateTimeFormatter3 = DateTimeFormatter
.ofPattern("dd/MMM/YYYY");
ZonedDateTime zonedDateTime = ZonedDateTime.now();
String formatter1 = dateTimeFormatter1.format(zonedDateTime);
String formatter2 = dateTimeFormatter2.format(zonedDateTime);
String formatter3 = dateTimeFormatter3.format(zonedDateTime);
System.out.println(formatter1);
System.out.println(formatter2);
System.out.println(formatter3);
}
}
[/code]

Output for the above program will be:

[code]
2015/04/07 07:14:51 IST
2015/04/07
07/Apr/2015
[/code]

java.time.Period

Period provides the quantity or amount of time in terms of years, months and days. If you want to find the exact period between two dates, Period class would provide you the details with the in-built methods. This class is immutable and thread-safe.

Let’s look at a simple example that demonstrates how to use Period class.

[code lang=”java”]
package javabeat.net;

import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.Period;

public class PeriodExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
LocalDate localDate1 = LocalDate.of(2014, 03, 03);
LocalDate localDate2 = LocalDate.of(2015, 07, 01);
Period period = Period.between(localDate1, localDate2);
System.out
.println("03-March-2014 to 01-July-2015 :Years ("
+ period.getYears() + "), Months(" + period.getMonths()
+ "), Days(" + period.getDays() + ")");
}

}
[/code]

Output for the above program will be:

[code]
03-March-2014 to 01-July-2015 :Years (1), Months(3), Days(28)
[/code]

Sample Mock Exams – OCAJP 8 Date Time Classes

1. Which of the following package declares the class DateTimeFormatter?

1. java.util
2. java.sql
3. java.lang
4. java.time.format

Correct Answer : 4. java.time.format

Explanation: java.time.format is the new package introduced in Java 8 for declaring the date/time formatting APIs. The other classes declared inside this package is DateTimeFormatterBuilder and DecimalStyle.

2. Please choose the correct class name(s) which is declared inside the package java.time.

1. Date
2. LocalTime
3. Period
4. DateTime
5. LocalDateTime

Correct Answer : 2,3 & 5 (LocalTime, Period and LocalDateTime)

Explanation : Date is defined under the package java.util and DateTime is wrong class name.

3. Read the below syntax and choose the correct option that is valid data for “arg3”

LocalDate localDate = LocalDate.of(arg1, arg2, arg3);

1. Month
2. Year
3. Day
4. Syntax is not correct

Correct Answer : 3. Day

Explanation : LocalDate.of(YEAR,MONTH,DAY) returns the LocalDate object based on the parameters passed to this method.