A constructor can be called from another constructor via “this” keyword or via parent class’s constructor via child class’s constructor using “super” keyword.

To compute the cryptographic hashing value in Java, the “MessageDigest” class is used that computes the digest value, and retrieves the results in a byte array.

The System.nanoTime() Function in Java returns the present time of a running Java program in nanoseconds with greater precision.

A string is truncated by various methods like JDK methods that include substring(), split(), codePoints() functions, or libraries like Apache Commons and Guava.

Loops are employed for this purpose. Additionally, the “Arrays.stream(input_array).sum()” Method in “Java” makes it easier to find the sum of each array element with fewer lines of code.

A two dimensional array is an array of one dimensional array that comprises two indices, one corresponds to rows and other to a particular column in that row.

The “Math.toRadians()” method in Java is used to convert an angle measured in degrees to the corresponding equivalent angle measured in radians.

Java “compareTo()” method compares two strings. It gives 0, less than 0 or greater than 0 if the string is equal, less than or greater than the other string.